厌氧铁氧化菌研究进展

厌氧铁氧化菌(AFOM)是微生物学、地质学和环境学领域的重大发现.研究AFOM对于认识铁地质层形成,促进铁、氮、碳等元素的地球生物化学循环,丰富微生物学内容,开发厌氧铁氧化工艺,以及探索原始地球环境和外星生命现象,均有重要意义.本文综述了AFOM的研究进展,介绍了AFOM的存在生境,探讨了AFOM的物种多样性及其营养特性和代谢特性,阐述了AFOM在地质学、微生物学和环境学领域的潜在作用,并展望了AFOM在新物种发掘、代谢机理揭示以及开发应用等方面的研究方向.     

不同黑莓品种果实形态和硬度分析及其解剖结构和微形态特征观察

以3个黑莓(Rubus spp.)品种‘Arapaho’、‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’的成熟果实为实验材料,对果实的形状指标以及硬度进行了测定,并采用石蜡切片技术和扫描电子显微镜分别对3个品种果实的解剖结构以及外果皮及果肉的微形态特征进行了观察;在此基础上,对果实结构与果实硬度的关系进行了探讨.结果表明:品种‘Arapaho’果实的硬度值(0.79 lb·mm-2)大于品种‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’果实的硬度值(0 lb·mm-2):品种‘Arapaho’果实的纵径、横径和单果质量均极显著小于‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’果实.石蜡切片观察结果显示:3个品种的外果皮均较薄且无角质层覆盖,由1～2层表皮细胞组成;其中,品种‘Arapaho’果实的表皮细胞1层、短小且排列紧密,品种‘Boysenberry’果实的表皮细胞2层、细长且排列疏松整齐,品种‘Kiowa’果实的表皮细胞2层、胞壁有褶皱且果面局部凹陷.品种‘Arapaho’的中果皮由大量较完整的薄壁细胞组成并包含没有解体的维管束,而品种‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’的中果皮内均匀分布着解体的薄壁细胞.扫描电镜观察结果显示:品种‘Boysenberry’外果皮具浅波状纹饰、表皮细胞形状不规则,并具稀疏的表皮毛和片状分泌物;品种‘Kiowa’外果皮表面有明显的不规则波纹状纹饰;品种‘Arapaho’外果皮表面纹理紧凑致密、表皮细胞轮廓清晰且形状规则.3个品种的果肉细胞均呈现不同程度的解体现象,但品种‘Arapaho’的果肉细胞中分布有没有解体的胶状物质.根据观察结果推测:黑莓果实果皮和果肉的解剖结构以及微形态特征与其硬度有一定的关系.     

尤溪天然米槠林植物碳氮磷的化学计量特征及其分配格局

以福建尤溪的天然米槠[Castanopsis carlesii(Hemsl.) Hayata]林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的26个主要优势种为研究对象,分析了植物不同器官的C、N和P含量及其比值的差异及相关性,并对不同器官C、N和P含量在不同层次间的分布特征进行了研究.结果显示:同一器官中均为C平均含量最高、P平均含量最低;其中,叶片中C、N和P含量分别为344.95 ～ 486.15、6.26 ～ 19.50和0.18 ～0.62 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为22.52 ～61.21、696.64～2 589.72和11.38 ～58.94;根系中的C、N和P含量分别为277.95 ～458.30、1.41 ～12.73和0.13 ～0.44mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为34.63 ～296.17、731.45 ～3 372.69和8.81 ～34.41;乔木层和灌木层植物枝条中C、N和P含量分别为407.75 ～473.75、3.10 ～7.39和0.09～0.61 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为57.43 ～148.15、776.64～5 054.44和7.05 ～48.11;乔木层植物树干中的C、N和P含量分别为432.56 ～463.32、2.67 ～6.35和0.16 ～0.31 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为68.12 ～167.73、1 494.58 ～2 860.63和11.35 ～29.06.乔木层植物的不同器官按C含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、树干、根系,按N和P含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、根系、树干;灌木层植物的C含量在枝条中最高、根系中最低,N和P含量在叶片中最高、枝条中最低;而草本层植物地上部分的C、N和P含量均高于地下部分.除根系中的N含量与P含量呈极显著正相关外,同一器官的C、N和P含量间均无显著相关性,但与C/N、C/P和N/P比值间大多有极显著的相关性.不同器官的C、N和P含量也因植物所处层次的不同而异,其中乔木层植物叶片中均最高、草本层植物叶片中均最低;乔木层植物全株的C含量最高、N含量最低,草本层植物全株的N含量最高、C含量最低,各层植物全株的P含量比较接近.研究结果表明:尤溪天然米槠林内植物叶片的C、N和P含量均偏低,P缺乏很可能是限制该林分植物生产力的最重要元素.     

The social and economic circumstances of mixed ethnicity children in the UK: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study

The number of people with a ‘mixed’ ethnicity heritage is growing in contemporary Britain. Research in this area has largely focused on implications for cultural and racialized identities, and little is known about associated economic and social factors. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a representative panel survey of children born in 2000–2001, are used to examine the circumstances of mixed ethnicity children in comparison with their non-mixed and white counterparts. Findings suggest a cultural location between ‘white’ and minority identities, and socio-economic advantage in comparison with non-mixed counterparts. For example, households of non-mixed white children had poorer economic profiles than households of both mixed white and mixed Indian children. This effect is associated with the presence of a white parent, and the factors underlying it are examined. Although the statistical approach used bypasses a consideration of the dynamics of identity, it provides important evidence on stratification and inequality, and the factors driving this.     

Neurologically normal development of a patient with severe methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency after continuing dietary methionine restriction

Background

There is not much information on established standard therapy for patients with severe methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) I/III deficiency.

Case presentation

We report a boy with MAT I/III deficiency, in whom plasma methionine and total homocysteine, and urinary homocystine were elevated. Molecular genetic studies showed him to have novel compound heterozygous mutations of the MAT1A gene: c.191T>A (p.M64K) and c.589delC (p.P197LfsX26). A low methionine milk diet was started at 31 days of age, and during continuing dietary methionine restriction plasma methionine levels have been maintained at less than 750 μmol/L. He is now 5 years old, and has had entirely normal physical growth and psychomotor development.

Conclusions

Although some severely MAT I/III deficient patients have developed neurologic abnormalities, we report here the case of a boy who has remained neurologically and otherwise normal for 5 years during methionine restriction, suggesting that perhaps such management, started in early infancy, may help prevent neurological complications.     

植物色氨酸一天冬氨酸重复序列蛋白响应逆境胁迫的调控作用

干旱、盐渍、低温等逆境胁迫会严重影响植物的正常生长发育,导致植物的许多响应基因被诱导表达,其蛋白质产物能够保护植物免受胁迫的伤害。色氨酸一天冬氨酸重复序列蛋白（wD40蛋自）在植物中广泛存在,参与植物体内众多代谢反应的调控,如花的发育、开花、花青素的生物合成、激素响应、渗透胁迫等。WD40蛋白含有40-60个氨基酸的保守的wD重复序列,其c末端为色氨酸．天冬氨酸（Trp-Asp,WD）,形成一个p螺旋桨（p—propeller）结构,通过调节多蛋白复合体的组装而影响蛋白质与蛋白质、蛋白质与DNA间的相互作用。本文综述植物WD40蛋白响应逆境胁迫的调控作用。     

苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合机构功能的影响

为了探究苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合机构的伤害机制,以‘寒富’苹果为试材,研究苹果褐斑病菌侵染对苹果叶片光合作用和光系统功能的影响。结果表明：随褐斑病菌侵染加重（叶片感病程度分0、1、2、3、4和5级）,叶片的叶绿素a含量和总叶绿素含量持续下降,其中2～5级与对照相比差异显著,病菌侵染提高了叶片类胡萝卜素含量,但仅以2级与对照差异显著。苹果褐斑病菌侵染显著降低了叶片的净光合速率（Pn）,3～5级病叶的Pn分别较对照下降44．9％、56．6％和70．3％,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）上升,说明非气孔因素是光合作用的主要限制因子。褐斑病菌侵柒影响了光合电子传递效率,随病菌侵染程度加重,光系统Ⅱ反应中心、供体侧放氧复合体（Wk）和受体侧（Vj）受到的伤害加重,并引起苹果叶片PSII的光合性能指数用PIABS和PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额（φRo）急剧下降。褐斑病菌侵染加重了苹果叶片的膜脂过氧化程度,1～5级感病叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著高于对照,引发超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性的上调。以上结果表明,苹果褐斑病菌侵染引起叶片光合色素降解,对PSII反应中心、受体侧和供体侧造成伤害,进一步影响了PSI的电子传递效率,并导致叶片膜脂过氧化,造成苹果叶片光合能力下降。     

Caudal Brainstem Raphe Nuclei: Neural Substrate for their Involvement in the Expression of Some Biological Rhythms

Nucleus raphe pallidus (RPa) lies ventrally in the caudal brainstem, where it is coextensive rostrally with the nucleus raphe magnus (RMg) and caudally with the nucleus raphe obscurus (ROb). Retrograde neuronal tracing studies of our laboratory, carried out in rats and presented elsewhere, with fluorogold, true-blue or fast-blue, iontophoretically injected or by crystalline deposit, along the RPa extent, displayed many labeled pericaria at the preoptic area (POA), as well as lateral (LH) and dorsomedial (DMH) hypothalamus; paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nuclei among others structures. In addition, RPa, which projects to the intermediolateral column, has been demonstrated to bear relation to many of the somatic-visceral functions also reported for POA. Iontophoretic injections of PHA-L, an anterograde tracer, in the POA subnuclei, presented terminal and varicose labeled fibers in RPa, as well as in the RMg, ROb, paraventricular thalamic (PVA), PVN and supraoptic nucleus (SO), LH, subparaventricular zone (sPVZ) and locus coeruleus (LC). Interestingly, POA, PVA, PVN, LH and SO have been described as retino- and suprachiasmatic-recipients. Taken together, these neuronal connections between brainstem raphe nuclei and POA, the similarity of functions to which they are related, as well as connections with other retino-suprachiasmatic-recipient structures, suggest that these caudal brainstem raphe nuclei could be part of the output system for the expression of some biological rhythms.     

广西马山岩溶植被年龄序列的群落特征

石漠化地区是我国西南植被恢复和生态重建的重点和难点地区。通过对马山县岩溶植被年龄序列(石漠、草丛、灌丛、小乔林和成熟林)5个演替阶段15个样地(20 m×50 m)的系统取样调查,研究了停止人为干扰后岩溶植被的更新、演替及群落特征的变化。结果表明:沿石漠、草丛、灌丛、小乔林、成熟林的顺向演替发展,群落各层次的覆盖度存在显著差异(P<0.05),乔木层覆盖度以成熟林最大,灌木层覆盖度以小乔林最高,而草本层覆盖度以灌丛最高;重要值≥10.00的科、属、种最大值出现在小乔林;不同演替阶段群落不同层次的结构明显不同,乔木层的植物密度存在显著差异(P<0.05),以小乔林最高;成熟林灌木层的植物密度显著低于小乔林和草丛(P<0.05),与石漠和灌丛差异不显著(P>0.05);森林阶段草本层的植物密度显著低于灌丛、草丛和石漠(P<0.05);群落的物种丰富度随着顺向演替发展而增加,但不同演替阶段不同层次的丰富度变化不同,草本层的物种丰富度以草丛阶段最大,成熟林最小;灌木层的丰富度以小乔林阶段最大,石漠阶段最小;乔木层的丰富度以小乔林最大,成熟林有所下降;不同演替阶段群落草本层的生态优势度无显著差异(P>0.05),而灌木层和乔木层均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。岩溶植被恢复可分为恶劣物理环境阈值和顶极种缺乏的阈值两个阶段,每一个阶段内由不同功能特征的驱动种和关键种决定着群落的演替方向和速度,越接近演替后期,顶极种越丰富,群落驱动种和关键种向高级、大型和长寿植物发展的趋势越明显。     

北京城区道路沉积物污染特性

为了解城市道路沉积物污染物的浓度水平及可能造成的生态环境危害,在北京城区的生活区、文教区、交通干线和公园绿地这四种功能区的道路沉积物进行了取样监测,并分析了道路沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、重金属铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)和有机质(TOC)的污染特性.研究结果表明,各类功能区道路沉积物中TN、TP和TOC的含量较高.交通干线、文教区、生活区和公园绿地道路沉积物TN均值分别为0.1009、0.1440、0.1071、0.0974mg/kg,文教区道路沉积物的TN显著高于其他类型道路沉积物;TP均值分别为0.0695、0.0729、0.0665、0.0608mg/kg,以文教区最高,但未达显著水平.交通干线和文教区道路沉积物TOC浓度显著高于生活区和公园绿地,交通干线、文教区和生活区道路沉积物重金属的含量高于公园绿地.主要原因可能是人类活动和车辆交通量的影响.四类功能区氮主要以可溶态赋存,磷主要以颗粒态赋存在沉积物中,并且交通干线道路沉积物中溶解态磷比例最低.溶解态的重金属占总量的比例均较低,只有溶解态Cu达到5％以上,表明重金属主要赋存在颗粒态存在的沉积物中.道路沉积物或者外界带入的固体物质是地表径流污染物的重要来源,研究结果为城市地表污染控制提供重要参考.